European Castles: A Collection of the Greatest Castles From all over Europe

European Castles have caused wars; inspired fairytales; and defined entire nations. Europe is the birthplace of the castle, and is home to the vast majority of 'authentic' castles in the world.

Although European castles have passed their heyday, there are still tens of thousands of castles dotted across mainland Europe.

Some are 'disappeared', others are in ruins, and some again are luxury homes. Let's get stuck in and explore some of the greatest castles in Europe.

Italy

The most amazing Castles in Italy: From Octagonal Fairytales to Ferocious Fortresses

It's easy to think you understand Italy - imagining the deep green olive groves and sun-drenched terraces. But there's a lot you may not realise about Italian history!

Although everyone understands the Romans, not everyone understands the role of the Normans, the French and even the Spanish in shaping modern-day Italy.

All these influences have lead to some incredible castles in Italy. From the delicate octagonal shape of the Castello del Monte (pictured) to the huge bulk of Castel dell'Ovo (literally 'Egg Castle'), you might be amazed at the diversity of these European castles.

Uncover some of the greatest castles in Italy. . .

Belgium

Discovering the Secrets of Belgium's Greatest Castles

Despite being a diminutive European country, Belgium has a disproportionate number of interesting castles.

These mighty fortifications tend to have been founded during Medieval conflicts. How come? Well, during the Middle Ages, the Low Countries were a series of squabbling principalities.

Of all the castles in Belgium, two of the most interesting are the bulky fortress of Gravensteen in Ghent; and the unusual towers of Beersel, near to Brussels.

Get exploring some of the most interesting Belgian castles. . .

Switzerland

One of Europe's Most Amazing Castles: Chillon Castle, alongside Lake Geneva, Switzerland

Switzerland has more than its fair share of remarkable castles, but the awe-inspiring Chillon Castle stands out as one of the most beautiful of all European castles.

Chillon stands on the banks of Lake Geneva, and looks almost too good to be true - it's filled with perfect pointy turrets and grand Medieval banqueting halls.

Beneath the castle, you'll discover huge, vaulted dungeons cut into the castle bedrock. These dungeons inspired the poet Lord Byron, whose work ignited the tourist boom that Chillon Castle still experiences today.

Discover Chillon Castle for yourself. . .

Austria

Exploring Austrian Castles: From 14-Gated Fortresses to the Delicate 'Shadow Castle'

Situated at the very heart of Europe, Austria is famous for bejewelled palaces, Mozart's masterpieces, and for the grand Medieval fortresses scattered throughout this green and pleasant Alpine country.

Austrian Castles tend to be found in awe-inspiring pine valleys, or perched atop rocky-outcrops, guarding towns like Salzburg and Vienna.

Burg Hochosterwitz, pictured here, is a truly unique European Castle because the steep road to the keep is guarded by 14 huge gates, each posing a different challenge for intruders. One gate is is fortified with hidden spikes - and another has holes for boiling oil. It's details like this which make Austrian Castles so special.

Uncover more fairytale Austrian castles. . .

Sweden

Elegant Castle-Palaces (And Sprawling Ruins): The Greatest Castles in Sweden

A vast and sparsely populated land, Sweden has enjoyed being one of most stable countries in Europe, since Medieval times.

The only downside of this phenomenal record of political stability is that there's not the same density of castles in Sweden when compared to other European countries.

However, it has some staggering historical sites can't fail to grab the imagination. From the delicate octagonal shape of the Borgholm Castle (pictured) is one of the most expansive and eerie ruins in Northern Europe, whereas Gripsholm Castle is an ornate palace, with lavishly decorated chambers.

Discover more about these unique and incredible castles in Sweden. . .

Romania

Known To Tourists as Dracula's Hangout: Bran Castle, in Romania

Bran Castle, in Romania, has become synonymous with one particular individual. Dracula!

Unfortunately, it's a bit of a tourist-con: Bran Castle doesn't have that much to do with the fictional vampire. But this dramatic European castle is crammed with interesting titbits: including the preserved heart of a long-dead Queen.

You may not need a clove of garlic and a wooden stake for your visit, but it's definitely true that the castle has a spooky, imposing air.

Discover more about Bran Castle. . .

More Vampiric Castles in Transylvania: Tracking Down Dracula's Castle

Transylvania is steeped in myths and legends of Dracula. But was there a castle in Romania which inspired Bram Stoker - and features in his novel, Dracula?

In truth, there're a number of different castles which were sources for Stoker's gothic masterpiece.

The character of Dracula, and his fictional fortress, were inspired by the dark and gruesome deeds of one Medieval monster - Vlad the Impaler.

Read more about the 'real' Castle Dracula. . .

The History of European Castles

European Castle History: Who built the first castles?

The first castles were probably constructed in Europe in the 800s. However, from the 10th century onwards, it was the Normans who started to build castles with particular vigour.

The Normans hailed - unsurprisingly enough - from Normandy in France. They were incredibly successful and tenacious fighters. In 1066, they invaded England (changing the course of British history forever), and they also staked claim to Italy, Sicily, and even Byzantium.

Here, the Bayeux Tapestry shows Harold II of England being killed by the Normans. Apparently, he was killed by arrow to the eye - ouch!

The Normans were excellent at capturing new territories. But they desperately needed to keep a hold of everywhere they'd managed to conquer. And so they became masters of the Motte and Bailey castle - a simple earthworks castle that was quick to create, but powerful for defence.

Wherever the Normans captured, they then constructed a castle to shore up their power. Seeing the Norman's success, their castle-building strategies were emulated by other European warriors - and, surely but steadily, castles began to advance across Europe.

Why Were Castles Built throughout Europe?

To really understand the significance of European castles, its useful to have an understanding of Medieval history. The first thing to remember is that, until Late Modern times, the map of Europe looked very different to how it does today.

Dover Castle, England. Henry II (whose castle it was, in the 1100s), also reigned over much of Western France. The European borders we understand today were very different in Medieval times.

The nation states of Germany, Spain, the UK and many of the countries in Eastern Europe were only founded relatively recently. Back in Medieval and Early Modern times, Europe was a very different place. Power was fragmented and held locally by lords, barons, or even regional kings.

These nobles were kept in check by their own rulers: the Pope, the Holy Roman Emperor, or perhaps the King of England or Queen of Spain. But the most important thing to remember is that power was held very locally. Of course, this all makes when you think of it. Medieval and Early Modern people didn't have phones, internet, roads or communication as we do. Things had to be restricted to a 'local scale'.

We're very used to seeing logos, nowadays. But limited communications would have meant that very few peasants would ever have seen this coat of arms for Henry II of England. In fact, as horseback was the fastest mode of travel, and the printing press wasn't invented until 1440, they might not even have known he was their king!

This context of 'localism' helps explain the history of European castles. Rather than a big state exercising control over all the people within it, control was held at a local level.

And castles helped do exactly that. Power radiated out from these European castles, securing their hold over local towns and villages - and keeping the landed in control.

Don't forget that I've written specific pages on the castles of England, Wales, Germany and many more countries (scroll up to the navigation bar!) if you're interested in finding more about these European countries, too.

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